OPEs have been found in different environmental matrices such as wastewater, surface water, drinking water, air, and indoor dust, as well as in biotic samples such as river fish and marine mammals. OPEs are also widely used as plasticizers in furniture, textile coatings, upholstery, electronics, paints, polyurethane foams, lubricants, and hydraulic fluids. Global demand for OPEs increased from 500,000 tons in 2011 to 680,000 tons in 2015. Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have come to the fore in recent years due to their increasing use as an alternative to legacy brominated FRs. Their function is to prevent combustion or reduce the spread of fire after ignition. These estimated ILCRs were higher than the safe limit value of 1 × 10 -6 and showed that these populations are exposed to moderate cancer risk.įlame retardants (FRs) are chemical additives that are incorporated into different materials such as plastics, textiles, foams, furniture, and electronic materials. However, the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for TCEP ranged from 1.1 × 10 -5 for infants in Bogotá to 4.3 × 10 -4 for adults in Cartagena, while ILCR for TEHP ranged from 8.8 × 10 -7 for infants in Bogotá to 1.1 × 10 -5 for adults in Bogotá. The estimated EDIs were several orders of magnitude below the corresponding reference doses. Overall, the EDIs of dust ingestion were three times greater than those of dust dermal absorption. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of OPEs through dust ingestion ranged from 0.001 ng/kg bw/day for adults to 110 ng/kg bw/day for toddlers, while dermal absorption ranged from 0.02 ng/kg bw/day for adults to 42.7 ng/kg bw/day for infants. As for OPEs with higher levels in houses, we found (mean ± SD) 35.2 ± 37.1 μg/g for TDCIPP in Cartagena, 35.6 ± 80.2 μg/g for TPHP in Cartagena, 15.9 ± 31.4 μg/g for DCP in Cartagena, 35.7 ± 19.1 μg/g for TBOEP in Bogotá, 15.7 ± 14.8 μg/g for 4IPPDPP in Medellín, and 17.5 ± 22.9 μg/g for TCEP in Cartagena, while the highest OPE value found in cars was 176 ± 144 μg/g for TDCIPP. Sixteen compounds were detected, being TPHP, DCP, TEP, and TCEP the most frequently detected. The pollution inside cars was somewhat higher than in houses, with a mean value of 231 μg/g. Mean concentrations of dust homes were 82.6, 48.3, and 46.7 μg/g for Cartagena, Bogotá, and Medellín, respectively. ∑OPE concentrations ranged from 1.31 to 599 μg/g.
Java0810.java // CardDeck Case Study #01 // This shows the minimum CardDeck declaration.Concentrations of 19 organophosphate esters (OPEs) were determined in dust samples collected from house and car indoor microenvironments in three Colombian cities. and certainly many moreĬardDeck Data Number of decks Number of players Number of cards dealt with each hand Number of cards left on the deck. What data would the CardDeck need to store? What actions would a CardDeck need to perform?ĬardDeck Methods Initializing the deck Shuffling the deck Dealing from the deck Counting leftover cards. Imagine that you are about to create a very nice, specialized CardDeck class that can be used in various card games. Before we even look at the very first program example, think about a card deck. This case study involves a CardDeck class, and with the CardDeck class you will start from very humble beginnings and slowly make the class more and more capable. The CardDeck Case Study You are going to look at a case study. public class Java0801 Java0809.java Output JAVA0809.JAVA Parameter constructor Name: Tom Savings: 2000.0 Every Piggy method is accessed using the Piggy class identifier. This program uses static class variables and static class methods. Java0801.java // This program introduces the Piggy class, which will be used // to demonstrate a variety of Object Oriented Programming features. Even small, well-presented program examples, do not always make sense during the very first introduction of a new topic. Many concepts will be new and foreign to you. Important Note Expect to read this material a number of times. Object members that store data are called attributes. Object members that perform some task are called methods. Objects, Variables and Methods Java encapsulates variables and methods that access the variables in one container, called an object. Exposure Java Chapter 8 Slides Creating Object Methods PowerPoint Presentation created by: Mr.